Particle Physics

 Elementary
particles


 

It's a mystery how the simplest particle of the atomic nucleus can be so stable and yet react so actively with other particles. What does the internal structure of the proton really look like and what happens during an interaction with the proton's 'sibling', the neutron?

 

The structure of the proton
 

This proton model is based on neutrinos having both mass, charge and an ability to be at rest in the void. Therefore, the neutrino is actually seen as the carrier of the weak force. A neutrino can hold together two quarks of the same charge if it is itself of opposite polarity. The image shows the internal structure of the proton. A positive Z-quark in the center is flanked by three electron neutrinos and a negative y-quark with an associated antineutrino in an outer shell. The proton system outwardly resembles a small solar system, but that's where the similarity ends, because the six particles are always aligned and rotate based on the charge center of the Z-quark. There is no real connection to the concept of superstrings but the idea is similar; the individual particles are constantly in conjunction. The energy string rotates in all directions with such enormous speed that the proton appears homogeneous. The proton in itself is stable.

The basic particles
 

The quarks in this model should not be confused with the quarks of mainstream physics, the rules do not match. However, here too there are charges of 1/3 and 2/3. A heavier quark, called Z, has a charge of 4/3. The Z-quark is likely created by splitting the even heavier but short-lived Q-quark. This quark cannot exist in a free state, but is created as a precursor to the proton and its antiparticle. However, the Q-quark has spin ½ as it is a product of energetic light waves. Further down the page, a theory is given on how a proton pair can be created by the collision of gamma waves. Quarks with unified charges cannot normally merge due to the electrical repulsion, but when two spins are aligned or a spin is opposed to a spinless particle, a spin connection takes place with an attraction effect. The spin is extremely important at the particle level.

The spin ratio of the proton

The proton as a whole has spin ½ which leads us to analyze its individual particles. We give the heavy Z-quark a positive spin (+ ½) by analogy with its charge. Neutrinos always have spin ½ and we have in the nucleus three "negative" neutrinos with spin (- ½) and one "positive" neutrino with spin (+ ½). If we add this up, we end up with spin (– ½) and we can then conclude that the proton's Y-quark has no spin at all.
 

The wobbling electron
 

Before we can approach the creation of quarks, we must first study one of the properties of the electron. In collisions or spontaneously at high energies, the electron may start to oscillate (wobble). The electron is not static but has a plastic nature. This plasticity allows the electron to split.

The light wave (photon) has a threshold energy at 1.02 MeV where the photon splits and forms an electron/positron pair. If the energy should be higher than the threshold energy, the formed particles could begin to oscillate. It is this wobbling that can give rise to the special phenomenon called; quark formation. Quarks exist in a few base varieties but they also have 'spin properties'.
 

Quark creation
 

If the oscillating electron splits at a certain energy level, an Xs- quark and a Y-quark are created. The existing G-wave field around the accelerating electron (a droplet-shaped structure) causes a smaller quark (y) to form behind the larger Xs-quark. In addition, a Vu-neutrino is formed from the mass of the X quark.

The spin during the splitting remains in this reaction with the X-quark, hence its name, Xs. Two (anti)-electron neutrinos also exist from the late electron time. They are not shown in the picture but are there to hold the different quarks together. Classical physics terms their impact role as; "electroweak interaction". These neutrinos have little mass and weak charge.
 

When the electron splits at a higher energy level, the split takes place in the form of three y-quarks, a so-called Kaon. The spin ends up in the first of the quarks in the direction of motion. A Vu-neutrino is also produced in the fission energy.

The Neutron
 

The proton has a slightly heavier sibling particle that is electrically neutral; The neutron. What separates the particles is a new shell that we place on top of the others. An electron attaches to this shell in line with the other particles but in a position as far from the proton's y-quark as possible. It will thereby bind with the electroweak force to the proton's antineutrino while at the same time attracting the positive Z quark. One of the electron's two associated antineutrinos settles in the same shell, in line with the others. It takes its position closest to the proton's y-quark, which it attracts electromagnetically but also with some spin connection. The remaining antineutrino has no place in the system but is sent away. A neutron decaying creates a neutrino pair out of vacuum, the electron keeps the antineutrino for completion and the neutrino is sent away.

Strong interaction (the strong force)

In a heavier atom with multiple nuclear particles, electrons are not attached to specific protons. There is a constant exchange of the particles in the outer shell of the nucleons, which also includes the neutron's outermost antineutrino. The exchange means that two protons, which should repel each other, are instead bound together very strongly. However, this strong interaction quickly loses its influence as soon as the distance between the protons increases. But even in the absence of electrons there is a strong interaction between protons, the force is then mediated by an exchange of the protons' y- quarks.

At the atomic level, the neutron's electron is expected to be able to form a stable compound with its antineutrino, which gives the negatively charged exchange particle W, one of the so-called "bosons". In the free state, the electron always wants to surround itself with two antineutrinos, the W-boson is thus exclusively an alliance that is formed when the atomic number (the number of protons in the atomic nucleus) is greater than 1. The neutron is not completely stable in the free state, but decays with a half-life of about 10 min. It is probably free neutrinos in vacuum that react with the neutron's antineutrinos, the result is decay; n → p + anti-Ve.

The creation of a proton- anti-proton pair
 

The proton and antiproton can be "simply" created by colliding nuclear particles. Example: p+p → p+p+p+anti-p. But a more basic creation process is certainly possible by colliding energetic gamma waves. On the right, we see how two quarks (q), theoretically, are created in such a reaction. In the pair formation itself, two Ve-neutrino pairs are also created. However, the Q-quark quickly splits and detaches off a y-quark. Here, too, a neutrino pair is created. A quick redistribution takes place of the "quark soup" that has formed. The end result is a proton and an anti-proton. No waste particles are formed in the reaction.

Disclaimer:

The information in this article is that of the
author and should not be confused with
conventional scientific views.

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